1 flight per day from New York to Paris all year long, up to 6 flights per week to Milan all year, and up to 4 flights per week from New York to Nice from May to September. Know more. OUR BEST DEALS. La Compagnie makes business class to Paris, Milan and Nice unique, modern and more affordable.The shortest distance (air line) between New-York and Paris is 3,626.98 mi (5,837.07 km). Driving route: -- ( - ). The shortest route between New-York and Paris ...Trans World Airlines Flight 800 ( TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at approximately 8:31 p.m. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome with a stopover in Paris.Compare New York John F. Kennedy to Paris flight deals. Find the cheapest month or even day of the year to fly to Paris. Book the best Paris fare with no extra fees. Flight deals …As flagged by @IshrionA, Delta will be adding a third daily flight between New York (JFK) and Paris (CDG) as of March 31, 2024. This new frequency will operate with the following schedule: The 3,635 mile flight is blocked at 7hr30min eastbound and 8hr20min westbound. Delta will use a Boeing 767-400 for the route, featuring 238 seats. There are 8 airlines that fly nonstop from New York to Paris. They are: Air France, American Airlines, Delta, French Bee, JetBlue, La Compagnie, Norse Atlantic Airways and United Airlines. The cheapest price of all airlines flying this route was found with American Airlines at $250 for a one-way flight. On average, the best prices for this ... The calculation of flight time is based on the straight line distance from NYC to Paris, France ("as the crow flies"), which is about 3,631 miles or 5 843 kilometers. Your trip begins at New York Metropolitan Area in New York, New York. It ends in Paris, France. Your flight direction from NYC to Paris, France is Northeast (54 degrees from North). First Non-Stop Flight New York to Paris. Obverse. Charles Lindbergh bust right. Script: Latin . Lettering: FIRST NON-STOP FLIGHT NEW YORK TO PARIS MAY 20th MAY 21st 1927 CAPT. CHARLES A. LINDENBERG. Engravers: Whitehead, Hoag . Reverse. Airplane flying over a four leaf clover, shield, and horseshoe. Script: Latin . Lettering: Flights from New York to Paris with American Airlines. Round trip. expand_more. 1 Adult, Economy class. expand_more. Book with cash. expand_more. From. close. To ... The total flight duration from New York, NY to Paris, France is 7 hours, 46 minutes. This assumes an average flight speed for a commercial airliner of 500 mph, which is equivalent to 805 km/h or 434 knots. It also adds an extra 30 minutes for take-off and landing.Direct. Wed, May 8 CDG – JFK with Norse Atlantic Airways. Direct. from $354. Paris.$357 per passenger.Departing Wed, Apr 10, returning Wed, Apr 10.Round-trip flight with Norse Atlantic Airways.Outbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from New York John F. Kennedy on Wed, Apr 10, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle.Inbound ... What is the cheapest flight from New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport to Paris? In the last 3 days, the lowest price for a flight from New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport to Paris was $176 for a one-way ticket and $395 for a round-trip. Do I need a passport to fly between New York John F Kennedy Airport and Paris? Cheap Flights from New York to Paris (NYC-ORY) Prices were available within the past 7 days and start at $239 for one-way flights and $388 for round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply.Cheap Flights from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG) Prices were available within the past 7 days and start at £145 for one-way flights and £278 for round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply. All deals.All flight schedules from Charles De Gaulle, France to John F Kennedy International, New York, USA . This route is operated by 5 airline (s), and the flight time is 9 hours and 05 minutes. The distance is 3645 miles. France.The Concorde set the record for the fastest-ever commercial transatlantic crossing, completing the flight from New York to London in just two hours, 52 minutes, and 59 seconds. Compared to subsonic aircraft, the Concorde offered a significant time-saving of over 50% on transatlantic flights, with typical …Flight AA44 is code-shared by 6 airlines using the flight numbers AY5810, BA1534, GF6461, IB4158, LY8022, RJ7043. Other flights departing from New York JFK: DL168, DL552, DL4960, AA1186. Other flights arriving at Paris CDG: CZ347, AF499, ET734, AF775. All flights connecting New York JFK to Paris CDG.The cheapest return flight ticket from New York to Paris found by KAYAK users in the last 72 hours was for $556 on French Bee, followed by Norse Atlantic Airways ($561). One-way flight deals have also been found from as low as $277 on Norse Atlantic Airways and from $278 on French Bee.Compare flight deals to Paris from New York from over 1,000 providers. Then choose the cheapest or fastest plane tickets. Flex your dates to find the best New York-Paris ticket prices. If you are flexible when it comes to your travel dates, use Skyscanner's 'Whole month' tool to find the cheapest month, and even …Our data shows that the cheapest route for a one-way flight from Paris to New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport cost $233 and was between Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport and New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport. On average, the best prices are found if you fly this route. The average price for a return flight for this route is $395. Book a trip from New York to Paris with Cathay Pacific - fares from. USD 12,653. In-Flight information. The average flying time for a direct flight from New York City, NY to Paris is 7 hours 17 minutes. Most direct flights leave around 17:45 EDT. United Airlines flight #57 is today's earliest flight from New York City, NY to Paris (18:40 EDT, Boeing 787-10)Wed, Oct 23 ARN – SWF with Fly Play. 1 stop. from $311. Stockholm.$319 per passenger.Departing Tue, May 21, returning Sun, May 26.Round-trip flight with Fly Play.Outbound indirect flight with Fly Play, departing from Stewart International on Tue, May 21, arriving in Stockholm Arlanda.Inbound indirect flight with Fly Play, departing …Our data shows that the cheapest route for a one-way flight from Paris to New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport cost $233 and was between Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport and New York John F Kennedy Intl Airport. On average, the best prices are found if you fly this route. The average price for a return flight for this route is $395.Dec 26, 2022 ... BUSINESS New York JFK - Paris CDG Air France Boeing 777 + Lounge [FULL FLIGHT REPORT] · Comments143.Flights from New York (NYC) to Paris (PAR), low-cost direct flights and cheap flight offers on the route New York (NYC) Paris (PAR) from $518 (price correct on 01/22/24). Book cheap tickets for direct flights online.American Airlines - 7 hours and 15 minutes. Delta Air Lines - 7 hours and 30 minutes. Norse Atlantic Airways - 7 hours and 35 minutes. French bee – 7 hours. La Compagnie - 7 hours and 20 minutes. The return flight, from Paris to New York, is a bit longer. The average Paris to New York flight time is around 8 hours and 30 minutes.Wed, Oct 23 ARN – SWF with Fly Play. 1 stop. from $311. Stockholm.$319 per passenger.Departing Tue, May 21, returning Sun, May 26.Round-trip flight with Fly Play.Outbound indirect flight with Fly Play, departing from Stewart International on Tue, May 21, arriving in Stockholm Arlanda.Inbound indirect flight with Fly Play, departing … Cheap Flights from New York to Paris (NYC-CDG) Prices were available within the past 7 days and start at $182 for one-way flights and $309 for round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply. Find flights to New York State from $171. Fly from Paris on PLAY, Scandinavian Airlines, Norse Atlantic Airways and more. Search for New York State flights on KAYAK now to find the best deal. United Airlines New Dreamliner Livery. More flights to Paris with United Airlines. New York/Newark - Paris · San Francisco - Paris · Chicago - Paris ...American Airlines - 7 hours and 15 minutes. Delta Air Lines - 7 hours and 30 minutes. Norse Atlantic Airways - 7 hours and 35 minutes. French bee – 7 hours. La Compagnie - 7 hours and 20 minutes. The return flight, from Paris to New York, is a bit longer. The average Paris to New York flight time is around 8 hours and 30 minutes.Mon, Dec 9 CDG – SWF with Fly Play. 1 stop. from $309. Paris.$328 per passenger.Departing Wed, Dec 11, returning Tue, Jan 14.Round-trip flight with Fly Play.Outbound indirect flight with Fly Play, departing from Stewart International on Wed, Dec 11, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle.Inbound indirect flight with Fly Play, …Dream destination Paris/Charles de Gaulle. Affordable fares now, when you take off on holiday with Condor! You can book your New York (NYC) JFK (JFK) - Paris/Charles de Gaulle (CDG) flight in Economy Class from just 319.99 US$*. The offer is valid in the month of April 2024, while stocks last.7:52am - Charles Lindbergh takes off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island, New York. The heavy plane, loaded with 450 gallons of fuel, clears telephone wires at the end of the runway by only 20 feet ...Roundtrip. just found. Book one-way or return flights from New York to Paris with no change fee on selected flights. Earn your airline miles on top of our rewards! Get great … New York. $495. Roundtrip. just found. Book one-way or return flights from Paris to New York with no change fee on selected flights. Earn your airline miles on top of our rewards! Get great 2024 flight deals from Paris to New York now! Most types of plaster of Paris set after 20 to 30 minutes. Some types, such as Herculite Number 2, set faster, in 8 to 12 minutes. Other types, such as Hydrocal FGR95, can take ove...The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from New York to Paris are Delta and United Airlines. With an average price for the route of $875 and an overall rating of 8.0, Delta is the most popular choice. United Airlines is also a great choice for the route, with an average price of $646 and an overall rating of 7.4. Your flight from New York to Pariswill take off from John-F.-Kennedy international airport (JFK) and land at Roissy Charles de Gaulle airport in Paris (CDG). Located about 14 miles North of the capital, there are several available options for reaching the centre of Paris: There are 49 airlines that fly from the United States to Paris. The most popular route is from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York to Paris ... Flights from New York to Paris with American Airlines. Round trip. expand_more. 1 Adult, Economy class. expand_more. Book with cash. expand_more. From. close. To ... Flights from New York (NYC) to Paris (PAR), low-cost direct flights and cheap flight offers on the route New York (NYC) Paris (PAR) from $518 (price correct on 01/22/24). Book cheap tickets for direct flights online.First Non-Stop Flight New York to Paris. Obverse. Charles Lindbergh bust right. Script: Latin . Lettering: FIRST NON-STOP FLIGHT NEW YORK TO PARIS MAY 20th MAY 21st 1927 CAPT. CHARLES A. LINDENBERG. Engravers: Whitehead, Hoag . Reverse. Airplane flying over a four leaf clover, shield, and horseshoe. Script: Latin . Lettering:Feb 28, 2024 ... The best one-way flight to Paris from New York in the past 72 hours is $135. The best round-trip flight deal from New York to Paris found on ...Flight AA44 is code-shared by 6 airlines using the flight numbers AY5810, BA1534, GF6461, IB4158, LY8022, RJ7043. Other flights departing from New York JFK: DL168, DL552, DL4960, AA1186. Other flights arriving at Paris CDG: CZ347, AF499, ET734, AF775. All flights connecting New York JFK to Paris CDG. The cheapest return flight ticket from New York to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport found by KAYAK users in the last 72 hours was for $350 on PLAY, followed by Norse Atlantic Airways ($352). One-way flight deals have also been found from as low as $162 on Norse Atlantic Airways and from $195 on Air Canada. You may reserve a flight for Paris or you may also reserve your flight + hotel and/or car rental when you reserve your ticket. Find your cheap flight to Paris with Air France from $555. Discover our selection of return flights at the best price to Paris PAR. Outbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from New York John F. Kennedy on Wed, May 1, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle. Inbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from Paris Charles de Gaulle on Sun, May 19, arriving in New York John F. Kennedy. Are you planning a trip from Barcelona to Paris? Finding cheap flights can be a daunting task, especially if you are on a tight budget. However, with some careful planning and rese...Jun 30, 2023 ... It was true for Audrey Hepburn, and it's true for JetBlue, which launched its first-ever flights to the City of Lights — and its first to ...There are 8 airlines that fly direct from Paris to New York. They are: Air France, American Airlines, Delta, French Bee, JetBlue, La Compagnie, Norse Atlantic Airways and United Airlines. The cheapest price of all airlines flying this route was found with Norse Atlantic Airways at £211 for a one-way flight. On average, the best prices for this ...Cheap Flights from Paris to New York (CDG-JFK) Prices were available within the past 7 days and start at $169 for one-way flights and $351 for round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply. All deals. One way. Roundtrip. Fri, May 10 - Sun, Sep 8. CDG.Flights from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG) Aer Lingus, Air Canada, Air Europa, Air Serbia, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, Brussels Airlines, Finnair, ITA Airways, Iberia, Icelandair, JetBlue Airways, LOT-Polish Airlines, Lufthansa, Norse Atlantic Airways, Royal Air Maroc, Scandinavian Airlines, Swiss International Air Lines, Turkish ...Review, photos and rating of Air France AF019 New York (JFK) → Paris (ORY) by Tango_Bravo380 . ... Review of Air France flight New York → Paris in Economy . Airline Air France AF. Flight AF019. Class Economy. Seat 29B. Aircraft Boeing 777-200ER. Flight time 08:00. Take-off 17 Jun 19, 19:30.The most inexpensive flight from New York to Paris is available for 566 $ in January 2025. *Please note: To provide you with the widest possible selection of flight destinations, some of the direct flights or connecting flights on lufthansa.com are operated by our partner airlines, which may result in a different flight experience than with ...Book Paris - New York From. 226 € One way per passenger. New route Paris Orly Miami. Book Paris - Miami From. 273 € One way per passenger. Paris Orly Los Angeles. Book ... In-flight entertainment : movies, Wi-Fi There’s so much to try that your flight won’t seem long enough : in-flight ... Paris Beauvais-Tille Airport. $1,172. Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. $2,054. Paris Orly Airport. Search and compare business class flight deals to Paris. Fly from Washington, D.C. from $1,507, from Newark from $1,749, from New York from $1,749. Book your business class tickets to Paris. For flights from Paris to New York City, how can I find the cheapest price? On eDreams we use machine learning to find the most economical flight between Paris ... Outbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from New York John F. Kennedy on Wed, May 1, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle. Inbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from Paris Charles de Gaulle on Sun, May 19, arriving in New York John F. Kennedy. Cheapest flight. $162. Best time to beat the crowds with an average 28% drop in price. Most popular time to fly with an average 41% increase in price. Flight from New York John F Kennedy Airport to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. Compare New York John F. Kennedy to Paris flight deals. Find the cheapest month or even day of the year to fly to Paris. Book the best Paris fare with no extra fees. Flight deals …Flights to Châlons-en-Champagne, Paris. $723. Flights to Paris Beauvais-Tille Airport, Paris. $347. Flights to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris. $365. Flights to Paris Orly Airport, Paris. Find flights to Paris from $176. Fly from New York State on PLAY, French Bee, Norse Atlantic Airways and more.First Non-Stop Flight New York to Paris. Obverse. Charles Lindbergh bust right. Script: Latin . Lettering: FIRST NON-STOP FLIGHT NEW YORK TO PARIS MAY 20th MAY 21st 1927 CAPT. CHARLES A. LINDENBERG. Engravers: Whitehead, Hoag . Reverse. Airplane flying over a four leaf clover, shield, and horseshoe. Script: Latin . Lettering: Cheapest flight. $184. Best time to beat the crowds with an average 14% drop in price. Most popular time to fly with an average 35% increase in price. Flight from New York LaGuardia Airport to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. AF63 and New York EWR to Paris CDG Flights. Flight AF63 is code-shared by 3 airlines using the flight numbers DL8758, KL2035, VS6438. Other flights departing from New York EWR: UA956, DL2322, NK727, AS297. Other flights arriving at Paris CDG: AF381, MU553, AF453, AF719. All flights connecting New York EWR to …The cheapest return flight ticket from New York to Paris found by KAYAK users in the last 72 hours was for $556 on French Bee, followed by Norse Atlantic Airways ($561). One-way flight deals have also been found from as low as $277 on Norse Atlantic Airways and from $278 on French Bee. CDG. Paris. $540. Roundtrip. just found. Book one-way or return flights from New York to Paris with no change fee on selected flights. Earn your airline miles on top of our rewards! Get great 2024 flight deals from New York to Paris now! Book a trip from New York to Paris with Cathay Pacific - fares from. USD 12,653. Compare New York John F. Kennedy to Paris flight deals. Find the cheapest month or even day of the year to fly to Paris. Book the best Paris fare with no extra fees. Flight deals …New York. Paris. Compare New York to Paris flight deals. Find the cheapest month or even day of the year to fly to Paris. Book the best Paris fare with no extra fees. Flight …Find low-fare American Airlines flights to Paris. Enjoy our travel experience and great prices. Book the lowest fares on Paris flights today ... New York (NYC)to.Jun 30, 2023 ... A view of the white and blue Norse plane from the ramp. Taylor Rains/Insider. Norse Atlantic Airways is a new low-cost airline flying between ...If you’re traveling from New York to Paris, one of the more common airlines traveling that route is Norse Atlantic Airways. Flights on this route from Norse Atlantic Airways typically cost $3,356.93 RT, a price that is 10% cheaper than the average New York to Paris flight.Cheap flights Newcastle - Paris. Departing on Wednesday, 1 May 2024 and returning on Saturday, 4 May 2024. from £136. 3d ago. Cheap flights Southampton - Paris. Prices refer to lowest available return flight, and are per person for the dates shown.The total flight time from New York to Paris is 7 hours and 25 minutes. The total distance is 3636 miles; 5851 km. Things to do and places to see in Paris. There is hardly a need to introduce the capital of France to anybody. Paris is …Mar 27, 2023 ... Norse Atlantic Airways Celebrates Inaugural Flight from New York to Paris · Norse Atlantic announces first flight from New York, JFK to Paris ...Flight Time from New York to Paris & Flights Info. Flight Time. 7 hours 22 minutes. Earliest Flight. 08:00⇒21:35. Latest Flight. 21:35⇒10:55. Direct Flight Price. Lindbergh’s flight from St. Louis to New York took 7 hours and 22 minutes, for a combined cross country flight in less than 22 hours — breaking another record. Charles A. Lindbergh in the Spirit of St. Louis shortly after taking off on his transatlantic flight. Photo courtesy Yale University Library. First Non-Stop Flight New York to Paris. Obverse. Charles Lindbergh bust right. Script: Latin . Lettering: FIRST NON-STOP FLIGHT NEW YORK TO PARIS MAY 20th MAY 21st 1927 CAPT. CHARLES A. LINDENBERG. Engravers: Whitehead, Hoag . Reverse. Airplane flying over a four leaf clover, shield, and horseshoe. Script: Latin . Lettering:The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from New York to Paris are Delta and United Airlines. With an average price for the route of $875 and an overall rating of 8.0, Delta is the most popular choice. United Airlines is also a great choice for the route, with an average price of $646 and an overall rating of 7.4.Lindbergh is, of course, best known for having won the Orteig Prize in 1927. This was a $25,000 reward for completing the first successful non-stop transatlantic flight between New York and Paris. Heavily backed by a $15,000 loan from two St Louis businesspeople, he managed to secure the services of Ryan …
Cheapest flight. $184. Best time to beat the crowds with an average 14% drop in price. Most popular time to fly with an average 35% increase in price. Flight from New York LaGuardia Airport to Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport. . La liga live
The two airlines most popular with KAYAK users for flights from New York to Paris are Delta and United Airlines. With an average price for the route of $875 and an overall rating of 8.0, Delta is the most popular choice. United Airlines is also a great choice for the route, with an average price of $646 and an overall rating of 7.4.Paris, the City of Love and Lights, is undoubtedly one of the most enchanting destinations in the world. When it comes to finding flights to Paris, France, it’s essential to conduc...Alternative Routes from New York or to Paris. Virgin Atlantic is incredibly proud to have been awarded Diamond status in Health and Safety by APEX and Simpliflying. This is the highest standard possible, and shows our unwavering commitment to keeping our staff and customers safe and sound throughout the Covid-19 pandemic.NYCNew York, NY, SJCSan Jose, CA, BDLHartford/Springfield, CT, OAKOakland, CA, SFOSan Francisco, CA, BOSBoston, MA, PDXPortland, OR, SEASeattle, WA, ANC ... Flight to Mankato, MN; Flying time from New York, NY to Paris, France. The total flight duration from New York, NY to Paris, France is 7 hours, 46 minutes. This assumes an average flight speed for a commercial airliner of 500 mph, which is equivalent to 805 km/h or 434 knots. It also adds an extra 30 minutes for take-off and landing. There are 8 airlines that fly direct from Paris to New York. They are: Air France, American Airlines, Delta, French Bee, JetBlue, La Compagnie, Norse Atlantic Airways and United Airlines. The cheapest price of all airlines flying this route was found with Norse Atlantic Airways at £211 for a one-way flight. On average, the best prices for this ...Paris. Compare New York to Paris flight deals. Find the cheapest month or even day of the year to fly to Paris. Book the best Paris fare with no extra fees. Flight deals from New … Find flights to New York State from $171. Fly from Paris on PLAY, Scandinavian Airlines, Norse Atlantic Airways and more. Search for New York State flights on KAYAK now to find the best deal. AF7 and New York JFK to Paris CDG Flights. Flight AF7 is code-shared by 3 airlines using the flight numbers DL8739, KL2376, VS6775. Other flights departing from New York JFK: AA4525, B671, B61529, B62715. Other flights arriving at Paris CDG: AF99, AF689, U24644, AF1307. All flights connecting New York JFK to Paris CDG.See full list on skyscanner.com Charles Lindbergh (born February 4, 1902, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.—died August 26, 1974, Maui, Hawaii) was an American aviator, one of the best-known figures in aeronautical history, remembered for the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York City to Paris, on May 20–21, 1927. …4 days ago · Direct. from £276. Paris. £278 per passenger.Departing Thu, 4 Apr, returning Thu, 11 Apr.Return flight with Norse Atlantic Airways.Outbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departs from New York John F. Kennedy on Thu, 4 Apr, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle.Inbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departs from Paris ... Paris flight FAQs. How long is a flight to Paris? Your journey to Paris includes a ... Economy class flights to Paris. From $545return. from New York, February ...Fri, May 3 CDG – JFK with Norse Atlantic Airways. Direct. from $358. Paris.$358 per passenger.Departing Thu, Apr 4, returning Mon, May 6.Round-trip flight with Norse Atlantic Airways.Outbound direct flight with Norse Atlantic Airways departing from New York John F. Kennedy on Thu, Apr 4, arriving in Paris Charles de Gaulle.Inbound direct ...Aug 2, 2023 ... New York to Paris Flight Time and Distance ... New York to Paris is one of the most popular routes that connects Europe to the United States via ...Find the best flights and travel deals from New York to Paris. ... Home My Trip Check-in Information. New York (NYC) to Paris (PAR) flights. Round- trip. expand_more. 1 Passenger, Economy Class. expand_more. From. close. To. close. Departure 03/29/2024. today. Return 04/05/2024. today. View offers *Modifying this information may result in a ...Most types of plaster of Paris set after 20 to 30 minutes. Some types, such as Herculite Number 2, set faster, in 8 to 12 minutes. Other types, such as Hydrocal FGR95, can take ove...Airlines with direct flights from New York to Paris in the past. La Compagnie. Last flight was scheduled 2018-04-20. Delta Air Lines. Sky Team. Last flight was scheduled 2018-10-25. Norwegian Air Shuttle. Last flight was scheduled 2018-10-27. Primera Air Scandinavia. Cheap Flights from New York to Paris (NYC-CDG) Prices were available within the past 7 days and start at $182 for one-way flights and $309 for round trip, for the period specified. Prices and availability are subject to change. Additional terms apply. .