Global precipitation measurement - NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. NASA's Soil More Active Passive Mission. Salinity and the Water Cycle. back 1 1. NEVER-ENDING ... This is why space …

 
Muh. 13, 1443 AH ... GitHub: https://github.com/SAYVUTHY/GPM_Rainfall_Matlab Wget: https://eternallybored.org/misc/wget/ GPM: .... Default browers

Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) has operated in full scan (FS) mode in both the Ku-band and Ka-band since May 2018. This FS mode can enable ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.Rainfall totals consider the yearly number of inches of precipitation and the number of days that it rains. Some cities get steady rain over many days while others have torrential ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international constellation of satellites that will provide next-generation observations of global precipitation approximately every three hours. The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory spacecraft built by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA ... The TRMM satellite ceased its observation mission in April 2015. It was replaced by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, a joint program sponsored by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The GPM program includes satellites from multiple countries to provide global precipitation and snowfall …Apr 1, 2016 · Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dBZ—artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the …Ram. 7, 1441 AH ... Track precipitation with NASA Goddard's Dorian Janney. Dorian explains how to measure rainfall from your home, as well as how to use some ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory's microwave imager (GMI) and dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) together provide ample ...While some folks never think much about it, a clean vehicle is actually a happier vehicle. Learn more about washing your car naturally with rain. Advertisement While some folks nev...A brief animated look at the different types of remote sensing techniques that NASA uses to study the Earth. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM.Mar 2, 2015 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission that uses measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a core observatory as reference standards to unify and advance precipitation estimates made by a constellation of research and operational microwave sensors. The GPM core …Apr 17, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space–time variability of the Earth's global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace …Feb 1, 2012 · This paper explores the many aspects of precipitation measurement that are relevant to providing an accurate global assessment of this important environmental parameter. Methods discussed include ground data, satellite estimates and numerical models. First, the methods for measuring, estimating, and modeling precipitation are discussed. The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... Jan 1, 2023 · The main goal of the GPM mission is to provide advanced precipitation measurements through understanding the physics and space-time variability of Earth's global precipitation as a key component to improve our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles and provide timely precipitation information to directly benefit society. Ram. 14, 1444 AH ... Andrea Portier (NASA/SSAI) & Vasco Mantas (University of Coimbra / CITEUC) Lightening talks from scientists & Googlers hosted at Google's ... NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Find out how to install a sheet metal rain diverter over a doorway on your roof to divert rainwater away from the entry to your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos La...Imagine sheets of methane, sulfuric acid and, yes, even diamonds falling from the sky. HowStuffWorks explains how it how it rains on other planets. Advertisement Here on Earth, we'...The amount and spatial distribution of oceanic precipitation from the latest versions (V07 and the previous version) of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory instruments and ...Feb 22, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space [].The mission centers on the deployment of a …"The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory and consists of a network, or constellation, of additional satellites that together will provide next-generation global ...American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington. Chen FW, Staelin DH (2003) AIRS/AMSU/HSB precipitation estimates. IEEE T Geosci Remote 41:410–417. Ebert EE, Janowiak J, Kidd C (2007) Comparison of near real time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. B Am Meteorol Soc 88:47–64.The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space-time variability of the Earth’s global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the GPM Core Observatory (GPM-CO ...Resources. A drought is a period of unusually persistent dry weather that continues long enough to cause serious problems such as crop damage and/or water supply shortages. Droughts are caused by low precipitation over an extended period of time. Atmospheric conditions such as climate change, ocean temperatures, changes in the jet stream, and ...GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT. SEARCH . CONTACT . Missions. GPM. GPM Core Observatory; GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) GPM Constellation; Launch; ... This page is a demonstration of the PMM Precipitation and Applications Publisher API. To learn how to use the API for your own …Jan 1, 2023 · The main goal of the GPM mission is to provide advanced precipitation measurements through understanding the physics and space-time variability of Earth's global precipitation as a key component to improve our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles and provide timely precipitation information to directly benefit society. Although US stocks closed sharply higher on Thursday, there were a few notable insider trades. When insiders purchase shares, it indicates their ... Although US stocks closed shar...Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ...The WSR-88D radars operate at S band (2.7–3.0 GHz), and scan using a variety of weather-dependent standard volume coverage patterns. Data are collected as 3608 full scans at a varying number of elevation angles from 0.58 to 19.58, with gaps between the half-power beamwidth dimensions growing with elevation angle.Apr 17, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space–time variability of the Earth's global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory measuring over a mid-latitude storm. The red, white, magenta, maroon and blue lines indicate the flight path, satellite …American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington. Chen FW, Staelin DH (2003) AIRS/AMSU/HSB precipitation estimates. IEEE T Geosci Remote 41:410–417. Ebert EE, Janowiak J, Kidd C (2007) Comparison of near real time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. B Am Meteorol Soc 88:47–64.Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core …It has been well established that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a condition that leads to chronic symptoms that are generally thought of as a primary disease. However, vascular i... The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core … The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a joint mission co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and is comprised of an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the GPM ... 4.3 ALGORITHM VALIDATION The more formal algorithm validation will examine various aspects of the IMERG results. At the snapshot level, comparison to the fine-scale NOAA Next-Generation Multi-Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (Q2), and to the PMM Kwajalein and Melbourne radar archives are considered key.Dec 1, 2021 · Eight statistical and detection indicators were used to compare and evaluate the accuracy of the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM IMERG) precipitation products in China, including IMERG Early, Late, and …Airlines are looking to tackle the tough question flyers are asking: "How are we supposed to feel safe enough to fly again?" As governments tentatively explore the mechanics of eme...Dhuʻl-Q. 28, 1429 AH ... ... measured from space. Dr. Ramesh Kakar: "You ... Rainfall Measuring Mission ... Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) First Light. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete ... Jan 26, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international constellation of satellites that will provide next-generation observations of global precipitation approximately every three hours. The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory spacecraft built by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency …One of the first storms observed by the NASA/JAXA GPM Core Observatory on March 17, 2014, in the eastern United States revealed a full range of ...Mar 14, 2024 · netcdf-4. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.Nov 4, 2020 · dissipating on 13 September 2017 (1200 utc). The background colours represent the precipitation accumulation provided by the IMERG product in this period. The dot positions represent the 3-hourly location of Irma’s centre, and the dot colours represent the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale category from the NOAA International Best …Transitioning developing economies away from majority-cash transactions is the key to global financial inclusion. On a recent visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, I toured garment factories... Abstract—Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses. measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core Observatory as reference. standards to unify and advance precipitation estimates through a constellation of research and. operational microwave sensors. Could fish rain from the sky? Things like this don't really happen, right? Find out. Advertisement When studying weather phenomena, it's a good idea to assume -- at least at the ou...Jum. I 7, 1436 AH ... What does building a satellite look like? In this timelapse of clean room footage from 2011 to 2014, watch the Global Precipitation ...Rab. II 26, 1435 AH ... The Global Precipitation Measurement mission's Core Observatory is poised for launch from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's ...Mar 13, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the GPM concept centers on the deployment of a "Core" satellite carrying an advanced radar / … The global Landslide Hazard Assessment for Situational Awareness model was developed to provide situational awareness of landslide hazards for a wide range of users. The model combines GPM near real-time precipitation data with a global landslide susceptibility map to generate estimates of where and when rainfall-triggered landslides are likely ... Mar 13, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Jul 29, 2023 · The TRMM satellite ceased its observation mission in April 2015. It was replaced by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, a joint program sponsored by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The GPM program includes satellites from multiple countries to provide global precipitation and snowfall …Want to know how to capture rain in photography? Visit HowStuffWorks to learn how to capture rain in photography. Advertisement When dark clouds roll in and rain starts falling, mo...GPM advances precipitation measurements from space; enhances knowledge of precipitation systems, water cycle variability and freshwater availability; …Jun 1, 2000 · Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission produces NASA's most comprehensive global rain and snowfall product to date, called the Integrated Multi …Aug 22, 2011 · This paper provides an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the observation of precipitation, and the generation, availability and validation of the derived precipitation products. Finally, future satellite precipitation missions are ...Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ...Remotely sensed precipitation estimates play a key role in predicting changes in freshwater supply and agricultural yields. Specifically, GPM provides advanced, frequent precipitation measurements on regional and global scales, which allows for a better understanding of precipitation systems that affect water cycle and freshwater availability.See full list on gpm.nasa.gov May 30, 2019 · This study evaluated the performance of the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) version 5 (V05) Early-run and Final-run (IMERG-E and IMERG-F, respectively) products over the Tianshan Mountains. For comparison, the accuracies of two Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) …May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an important new program designed for global satellite precipitation estimation, but little information has been reported on the applicability of the GPM’s products for the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The object of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the Integrated Multi-Satellite ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international constellation of satellites that will provide next-generation observations of global precipitation approximately every three hours. The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory spacecraft built by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA ... The Precipitation Education website, presented by NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, provides students and educators with resources to learn about Earth’s water cycle, weather and climate, and the technology and societal applications of studying them. Giovanni is a Web-based application developed by the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) that provides a simple and intuitive way to visualize, analyze, and access vast amounts of Earth science remote sensing data without having to download the data (although data downloads are also supported). Giovanni is an ... Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the …NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core … Lesson Overview: This activity was developed to teach students about the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. In this one-hour long activity, students will watch a short video summarizing the purpose of the mission, learn about the parts of the satellite and their functions, and build an edible model of the satellite. The TRMM satellite ceased its observation mission in April 2015. It was replaced by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, a joint program sponsored by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The GPM program includes satellites from multiple countries to provide global precipitation and snowfall … Celebrate GPM's 10th Anniversary by Learning With Us! As we celebrate the 10th anniversary of Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission’s launch, we have a real treat for anyone who is curious about how and why we measure precipitation from space and how this can bring about positive changes throughout the world. Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ...Mar 13, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. This tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution satellite imagery and then download the underlying data, including data from the Global Precipitation Measurement Missions. Many of the 600+ available products are updated within three hours of ... 1 month files are located in the folder corresponding to the first day of each month. Precipitation values are scaled by a factor of x10 (0.1mm) for 30 minute, 3 hour, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day files, and are scaled by a factor of x1 (1mm) for 1 month files. Data access is also available via FTPS, click here for instructions. The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... Feb 1, 2012 · Abstract. This paper explores the many aspects of precipitation measurement that are relevant to providing an accurate global assessment of this important environmental parameter. Methods discussed include ground data, satellite estimates and numerical models. First, the methods for measuring, estimating, and modeling precipitation are …Abstract A prototype Validation Network (VN) is currently operating as part of the Ground Validation System for NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The VN supports precipitation retrieval algorithm development in the GPM prelaunch era. Postlaunch, the VN will be used to validate GPM spacecraft instrument …Feb 27, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory and consists of a network, or constellation, of additional satellites that together will provide next-generation global ...Saf. 17, 1441 AH ... ... Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) -- combines information from a constellation of satellites are operating in Earth orbit, at a given ...Mar 14, 2024 · netcdf-4. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.It has been well established that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a condition that leads to chronic symptoms that are generally thought of as a primary disease. However, vascular i...Although US stocks closed sharply higher on Thursday, there were a few notable insider trades. When insiders purchase shares, it indicates their ... Although US stocks closed shar...

Feb 27, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory and consists of a network, or constellation, of additional satellites that together will provide next-generation global .... Warhammer 40 000 mechanicus

global precipitation measurement

Sep 4, 2014 · The GMI observed an 547 mile- (880 kilometer) wide track of precipitation on the surface, while the DPR imaged every 820 feet (250 meters) vertically to get the three-dimensional structure of the rain and snowfall layer by layer inside the clouds. “What’s really clear in these images is the melting layer, the place in the atmosphere where ... 1 day ago · A new data product merges data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, giving meteorologists and researchers access to a 20-year precipitation record. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems …Mar 21, 2011 · Advancing Precipitation Measurement from Space. GPM advances precipitation measurement capability from space using a combination of active and passive remote-sensing techniques. These measurements are used to calibrate, unify and improve global precipitation measurements by a constellation of research and operational microwave sensors. Mar 5, 2024 · JAXA and NASA started to release near-real-time (NRT) processing products of the Global Precipitation Measurement Program (GPM) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar product (DPR) version 07X at 8 UTC 16th January 2024. This version 07X is the first product to support changes in the orbit boost of the GPM Core Observatory. V07X is positioned …Jul 20, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites using a core satellite combined with ancillary ones and an advanced passive microwave radiometer paired with dual-frequency radar system to measure rain and snow from space.The instrument used to measure rainfall is called a rain gauge. The classic rain gauge consists of a funnel that leads to a measuring tube. The area of the top of the funnel is 10 ...Jul 1, 2002 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory's microwave imager (GMI) and dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) together provide ample ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. GMI’s advancements include four additional high-frequency channels (166 to 183 gigahertz) that will measure moderate-to-light precipitation. Each object, such as rain, snow and Earth’s. surfaces, emits or scatters energy differently based on the object’s temperature and physical properties. Global precipitation variations over the satellite era are reviewed using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly, globally complete analyses, which integrate satellite and surface gauge information. Mean planetary values are examined and compared, over ocean, with information from recent satellite programs …Integrated hydrologic validation assesses GPM precipitation products by considering how the accuracy of rainfall products being input into hydrological and land-surface modeling affects model outputs. The end goals are to evaluate satellite precipitation measurements for their impacts and utility, and to provide guidance to algorithms that turn ...Rab. I 1, 1435 AH ... http://www.nasa.gov/gpm For more information: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ready-set-space-nasas-gpm-satellite-begins-journey For the ...Jan 1, 2023 · The main goal of the GPM mission is to provide advanced precipitation measurements through understanding the physics and space-time variability of Earth's global precipitation as a key component to improve our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles and provide timely precipitation information to directly benefit society. GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT. SEARCH . CONTACT . Missions. GPM. GPM Core Observatory; GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) GPM Constellation; Launch; ... This page is a demonstration of the PMM Precipitation and Applications Publisher API. To learn how to use the API for your own …This homemade rain barrel for recycling rainwater for use in your lawn and garden is an easy do-it-yourself project that costs less than $50. Watch this video to find out how. Expe...Abstract A prototype Validation Network (VN) is currently operating as part of the Ground Validation System for NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The VN supports precipitation retrieval algorithm development in the GPM prelaunch era. Postlaunch, the VN will be used to validate GPM spacecraft instrument ….

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